Кирзовые сапоги: символ ратной России
Мысли вслух
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Кирзовые сапоги неотделимы от образа русского солдата и даже стали своеобразным символом нашей армии. Каким бы первоклассным оружием ни была вооружена армия, без сапог она далеко не уйдёт.
29 декабря 2015 г.
Автор: Алёна Фроловна
Что объединяет каждого солдата России?
Кирзовые сапоги неотделимы от образа русского солдата и даже стали своеобразным символом нашей армии. Каким бы первоклассным оружием ни была вооружена армия, без сапог она далеко не уйдёт.
Обмотанные ситцевыми или байковыми портянками ноги быстро засовывались в сапоги и покоряли сотни километров по советскому бездорожью. Сапоги были лёгкими и непромокаемыми, портянки хорошо впитывали пот, облегая ноги. А это, согласитесь, немало для прохождения многокилометрового пути.
История кирзовых сапог началась с 1903 года, когда изобретатель кирзы Михаил Поморцев начал проводить опыты с известными в России заменителями каучука. Через год он уже получил водонепроницаемый брезент, который успешно использовался впоследствии для чехлов на орудия, а также в изготовлении фуражных мешков.
Идея создания из ткани кожи не покидала Поморцева, и вскоре он нашёл способ, создав эмульсию из смеси яичного желтка, канифоли и парафина. Такая многослойная ткань, пропитанная указанным составом, была непроницаема для воды, но, тем не менее, она «дышала». Это и была «кирза».
Уже в 1904 году её использовали в Русско-японской войне для изготовления конской амуниции, сумок, чехлов и т. п. Министерство промышленности России продвигало разработки Михаила Поморцева на международных выставках в 1905 году в Ложье, а на следующий год в Милане, где труд изобретателя был отмечен Золотой медалью.
Затем Петербургские воздухоплаватели на выставке в 1911 году отметили кирзу поощрительным призом. А в 1913 году на Всероссийской гигиенической выставке в Петербурге Михаил Михайлович получил серебряную награду.
Грянула первая мировая война, и идея шить из кирзы сапоги была лучшим предложением Поморцева в то время. К тому же он подарил эту идею армии безвозмездно, отказавшись от каких-либо гонораров. Военно-промышленный комитет остался очень доволен испытаниями новых сапог и их низкой себестоимостью, заказав большую партию заводам этой новой обувки для солдат. Но не тут-то было! Фабриканты бойкотировали его по причине той самой низкой себестоимости, и в 1916 году эта идея канула в могилу вместе с Михаилом Поморцевым, которой скончался на 66 году жизни.
Исследования в этой области всё же продолжались. Двое советских учёных Борис Бызов и Сергей Лебедев довели получение каучука в 1934 году до промышленных масштабов. После их смерти эстафету подхватили инженеры Александр Хомутов и Иван Плотников, сконструировав технологическое оборудование и используя недавно открытый новый материал и метод Поморцева. Однако синтетический каучук первой советской кирзы ломался и трескался. Обувь была признана неудовлетворительной и не принята к производству.
Но всё же в 1939 году была изготовлена опытная партия солдатских сапог с голенищами из Кирзы СК, которую отправили в армию.
Не обошлось без ЧП. Однажды ночью к Хомутову на квартиру приехали сотрудники ГПУ и забрали его на Лубянку, где главного инженера уже ждали полковники П. И. Белкин и В. В. Щеголев. Хомутову рассказали, что у солдат, носивших сапоги с кирзовыми голенищами, на ногах экзема.
В чем дело? Надо ехать смотреть. Утром всех троих отвезли в воинскую часть. Повальная экзема действительно была, только вот сапоги оказались не кирзовыми, а из свиной кожи отвратительной выделки. Полковники не могли различить на глаз натуральный и искусственный материал, но для Хомутова, в прошлом кожевенника, это было очевидно. Для наглядности он даже разрубил одно голенище ножом и показал срез.
Инцидент был исчерпан, и Советская армия начала обувать своих солдат в кирзовые сапоги. В 1940 году А. М. Хомутов перешел на другую работу, а место главного инженера занял его соавтор по Кирзе СК И. В. Плотников. На его плечи легло снабжение армии кирзовыми сапогами во время Великой Отечественной войны. И с этой задачей он справился с честью.
Конечно, кирзовые сапоги были далеки от совершенства, но все же по сравнению с ботинками выглядели подарком судьбы. Высокое голенище защищало ноги от влаги, и неудобные обмотки были не нужны. Так что из двух зол солдаты выбирали меньшее – предпочитали кирзовые сапоги с их неизменными спутницами – портянками. Кстати, наша армия – единственная участница Второй мировой, снабжавшая своих солдат портянками, все остальные предпочитали носить обувь на носок. Нашим же солдатам оставалось обходиться длинным куском материи, защищавшим ноги от мозолей. С приходом морозов кирзовые сапоги из-за нехватки валенок превращались в зимнюю обувь. Чтобы нога меньше мерзла, её заматывали двумя портянками – летней и зимней. Зимняя шилась из более толстой ткани, например, байковой. Кроме того, изнутри сапог прокладывали газетами, которые тоже помогали удерживать тепло, благо это позволяло просторное голенище. Даже в такой «модифицированной версии» сапога передвигаться было проще, чем в валенках, так что и в лютые морозы многие солдаты оставались верны кирзачам. Голенища сапог служили своеобразным дополнительным карманом: там таскали ложку, финский нож, который можно было достать при атаке, или карту.
У людей, которым довелось служить, они вызывают массу противоречивых воспоминаний. Однако именно эта обувь оказалась оптимальным вариантом для нашей армии во время Великой Отечественной войны и можно сказать, что эта самая «ходовая» часть снаряжения нашей армии внесла немалый вклад в Победу.
Мальчики в кирзовых сапогах Мужеством во прах врага повергли!
Война закончилась, а в кирзовые сапоги – культовую обувь советского периода – оказалась обутой большая часть населения страны. В них месили грязь на полях колхозники, ходили по бетонному полу заводских цехов рабочие, по-прежнему маршировали солдаты. После работы и в выходные дни выходили прогуляться по центральной сельской улице или по городскому парку тоже в кирзе, потому что другой обуви зачастую просто не имелось в наличии.
Сегодня кирзачи все также популярны и востребованы, как и 60 лет назад. Этот феномен – следствие проверенной поколениями высочайшей функциональности кирзы.
В кирзе наш народ победил фашизм, построил объекты космической промышленности и ядерной энергетики. И поныне многие россияне борются в кирзе за место под солнцем.
Так родились армейские сапоги, подавляющее производство которых для нужд армии производится в России. Однако подошва и носок их всё же делают их грубой кожи, называемой юфтью.
При въезде в военный поселок Звёздный Пермского края стоят бронзовые кирзачи весом 40 кг. Солдатские сапоги памятник не только воинской славе, но и кирзе.
Кстати, сапоги то можно померять.
Стэн ГОЛЕМ
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Метки: армия, вслух, кирзовый сапог, мысль, ода, ратный, Россия, русский, символ, солдат
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