Экономика
Почему пенсия ниже МРОТ и прожиточного минимума?
13 декабря 2018 г.
Автор: Быркова Екатерина
Мои знакомые удивляются и часто спрашивают, почему по телевизору всё время говорят о росте МРОТ и увеличении размера прожиточного минимума, но при этом пенсии, которые получают они сами, либо их пожилые родители, часто меньше этой суммы.
Разбираемся.
МРОТ и прожиточный минимум
В России существует две расчетные величины — есть МРОТ, а есть прожиточный минимум.
МРОТ — величина важная, поскольку от неё зависит размер окладов в бюджетном секторе и в коммерции. Это минимальный порог месячной зарплаты. Кроме того, на основе него рассчитываются социальные пособия и размеры штрафов. С 1 мая 2018 года федеральный размер МРОТ составляет 11 163 рубля, однако регионы вправе устанавливать и свои значения.
Но наши пенсии, увы, от размера МРОТ не зависят, они зависят от прожиточного минимума.
Прожиточный минимум — это расчётная стоимость определенного набора товаров и услуг, которых якобы достаточно для жизни человека. Эта величина у нас сейчас чуть меньше, чем МРОТ — 10451 рубль на душу населения (величина за III квартал 2018 года).
Однако интересно то, что прожиточный минимум устанавливается разный. Для трудоспособного населения — 11310 рублей, для детей — 10302 рубля, а вот для пенсионеров всего лишь 8615 рублей. Дескать, этой суммы достаточно, чтобы прожить месяц.
Это лишь общие федеральные показатели — в каждом регионе установлены свои значения исходя из регионального уровня цен.
Для многих пенсионеров величина установленного государством прожиточного минимума критически важна. Дело в том, что довольно часто пожилым людям насчитывают пенсию на уровне ниже прожиточного минимума. Бывает, что у людей мало стажа или они работали на низкооплачиваемой работе. Сплошь и рядом происходят истории, когда ПФР не учитывает несколько лет стажа при расчете пенсии по тем или иным причинам. Поэтому официально неработающим пенсионерам государство делает надбавку к пенсии до уровня прожиточного минимума.
Можно сказать, что размер прожиточного минимума пенсионера — это и есть минимальный размер пенсии, который в итоге многие и получают.
Но важно заметить, что делают добавку только неработающим пенсионерам. Так что некоторые не получают и её.
Почему прожиточный минимум пенсионера такой маленький?
Интересно во всём этом следующее: как именно оценивают этот прожиточный минимум. Казалось бы, пенсионеру приходится тратить на себя больше — ему ведь нужно покупать столько же продуктов, да ещё и на лекарства тратиться, а они сейчас недешевые.
Но нет, чтобы снизить расходы на пенсии, дело дошло до абсурда, и для пенсионеров были снижены все возможные нормы потребления как по продуктам питания, так и по другим категориям.
Судите сами — ниже представлены данные Росстата о структуре прожиточного минимума для обычного трудоспособного человека и для пенсионера:
Обычный прожиточный минимум в России и так не соответствует действительности — в реальности на эти деньги не выжить без ущерба для здоровья, о чем свидетельствуют неоднократные эксперименты блоггеров и добровольная попытка это сделать депутата Саратовской областной думы Николая Бондаренко.
Для пожилых норма ещё ниже. Считается, что пенсионеру можно тратить на еду на 712 рублей в месяц меньше, на одежду и прочие непродовольственные товары — на 366 рублей меньше, на услуги, в том числе ЖКХ — на 368 рублей меньше, а обязательные платежи и сборы, к которым относятся налоги и госпошлины не платить вообще.
Насколько пенсионеры должны меньше есть по Росстату?
Особенно печально выглядит продуктовая составляющая потребительской корзины.
Минимальный набор продуктов питания для пенсионеров формируется с учетом возрастного снижения потребности в энергетической ценности питания, сказано в методических рекомендациях, по расчёту прожиточного минимума.
Федеральная норма прожиточного минимума прописана в ФЗ № 227 «О потребительской корзине в целом по Российской федерации». Однако регионы также устанавливают свои значения, поэтому они могут отличаться.
В законе перечислены нормы потребления за год, но, чтобы лучше представлять общую картину, их можно пересчитать за месяц.
По мнению законодателей, пенсионеру для жизни требуется на 22,3% меньше хлеба и хлебных изделий, на 20% меньше картофеля, на 25% меньше свежих фруктов, на 14,4% овощей, на 14% специй, чая и соли.
Поскольку объемы потребления ниже, то и расчетное значение расходов на еду тоже получаются ниже, чем у трудоспособного человека.
А что с непродовольственными товарами и услугами?
Интересно, что расходы на непродовольственные товары и услуги рекомендуется рассчитывать в процентах от стоимости продуктов питания.
Непродовольственные товары и услуги для основных социально-демографических групп населения определяются в соотношении со стоимостью продуктов питания, сказано в методических рекомендациях по расчету потребительской корзины.
И для трудоспособных граждан, и для пенсионеров они установлены в размере по 50% от стоимости минимального набора продуктов питания.
Это интересно
Очень любопытный перечень минимально требуемых вещей был в старой версии этих методических указаний, которая с 2013 года утратила силу.
В приложении 6 было указано количество необходимых человеку предметов гардероба и предельный срок их использования. Из перечня следовало, что пенсионеры ту же самую одежду почему-то носят на 1-2 года дольше, хотя количественно по нормативам вещей может быть меньше.
Так, например, у мужчин-пенсионеров в среднем на 2 года дольше сроки износа верхней одежды. У обычного трудоспособного мужчины куртка с меховой подстежкой носится 8 лет, а у пенсионера — 10 лет, столько же пальто (плащ). На год дольше носится костюм-двойка, джинсы, брюки, джемпера и спортивные костюмы- 5 лет. Трусы изнашиваются одинаково быстро — два года, а вот носки у обычных граждан носятся всего год, а у пенсионеров — 2 года. Видимо, они лучше умеют их латать.
Метки: Быркова Екатерина, жизнь, ликбез, МРОТ, пенсионер, пенсия, потребительская корзина, прожиточный минимум, Росстат, экономика
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